A Kodo drummer faces off against the majestic ōdaiko. Some rights reserved, Wesley Oostvogels.
Nearly two hours into the Kodo concert, with me nestled in my too-small seat deep inside the University of Michigan’s acoustically-perfect (or so I’ve heard many times) Hill Auditorium, the giant ōdaiko drum (seen above) was carefully pulled out to center-stage, finally brought out to the forefront after many, many minutes of the evening’s demonstration of incredible skill and hypnotic rhythm. Everyone in the audience was expecting the king drum to make a stand eventually, of course — the drum was destined to go off in the third act — but the implicit guarantee had no affect on reducing the high anticipation preceding the drum’s appearance.
The ōdaiko used by Kodo is truly a magnificent drum, carved from a single tree, the sequoia of drums, and when the Bruce Lee-physiqued drummer struck the ōdaiko’s face, the reverberation that rolled, mumbled, growled, murmured and chortled throughout the auditorium was easily the richest, most complex and nuanced percussive note I’ve ever heard, a subtle and mixed combination of the best sounds proceeding a thunderstorm on the horizon, wind chimes and all.
So strong and immediate was the effect of that single, momentous beat that an elderly gentlemen, who sat a couple rows behind me and could be heard rudely chatting during various parts to the show, was compelled to blurt, “Oh, Jesus!” which sent a titter of amusement and agreement throughout the vicinity and me into thoughts of leaping over the chair backs and crashing a bongo set over his head.
That Friday the 13th show was a terrific concert, definitely a favorite out of all the years of live performances. Adding to the experience was the fact that I secured tickets only three or four days before the show, leaping on the train just as it was leaving the station, but the distance between the stage and our back balcony back seats didn’t diminish the performance an iota.
On the way out of the theater, jostling and trafficked by the singular direction of the droves of audience members leaving the auditorium, the substance and strength of one of the played pieces, Monochrome, somehow pried itself loose from the folds in my brain that contained the Kodo concert and sauntered over to cozy up with the memories of other favorite songs, songs that were similar to Monochrome in vague aspects. Or maybe they weren’t related at all, and I was just nuts.
But that wayward association between Monochrome and other contemporary favorites stuck around, and not one to avoid sharing good music when I have the chance, below I demonstrate my love for repetitive-but-malleable harmony and big dynamics, two composition techniques prevalent in the Kodo concert. I also think that repetition and dynamics created the subtle-but-significant association that brought Monochrome and the soon-to-be-revealed songs together.
First: repetition. Here we go.
Repetition of a theme or melody is nothing new in music: if one Mr. Bach or another Mr. Beethoven were around today, they’d fill your head with examples until you were begging for mercy. And repetition is not only limited to music, either: film can use separate but similar (or even alike) shots, cuts, spoken lines, sequences or any number of other designs to connect and lend gravitas to an otherwise unassociated collection of moments.
The mastery demonstrated in the Bach and Beethoven pieces is somewhat different compared to what I’m about to demonstrate here, i.e., prog rock — roll over, Beethoven, as it’s been sung.
To start off, here’s the first forty seconds from British prog-rock supergroup Frost*’s Black Light Machine:
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Among all the thing I like about this song, which runs for 10:07 and offers a lot to enjoy within its duration, that bright guitar-tapping harmony, the very first thing heard, is the stand-out. The sample runs throughout for most of the full song in a few different keys, and it is undoubtably tune’s flow and foundation. Black Light Machine contains one of my favorite guitar solos of all time, and the guitar-tap harmony forms the backbone to it as well, although it’s much less prominent than the beginning of the song.
Here’s a clip from part of the solo — listen closely to catch the tapping mixed into the background:
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There is something about that same sample, repeated over and over again with slight but significant changes that carries the story from one sequence to another, like the setting or characters in a book. Take away that sample from Black Light Machine, and it would be a very different song, and probably a lesser one.
The band Porcupine Tree, another prog-rock group from England, offers several more examples. The frontman and songwriter of Porcupine Tree, Steven Wilson, has musical roots in the deep underground of British experimental electronic pop and rock, so intricate soundscapes, loops and endless eddies of fluid samples and undulating harmonies are present in all of his works. The first and title track from the Deadwing album begins like this:
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While the tone of the song is a very somber and restrained portrait (Steven Wilson excels at creating melancholy timbres and soundscapes), in contrast to the brighter Black Light Machine, Deadwing features a repeated ostinato that is not unlike the Black Light Machine repeated harmony; they could almost be long-lost brothers of sorts, who began to be nearly the same but spun off in completely different directions during their life-cycle. This sample too carries throughout the entire song.
Might as well match a solo in Deadwing to Black Light Machine’s, so here’s the tail end of the fuzz-tone guitar solo in Deadwing — notice, again, the same sample that plays during the beginning of the song is providing the foundation:
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Much harder to hear with the heavy guitar, drums, bass and synth over the top, but the somber low-end guitar is still definitely there, providing crucial leverage to the rest of the ensemble. Just to top off the full tune, here’s the final several seconds of Deadwing, which provides another scuzzy guitar solo and full closure to the dominant motif:
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In both Black Light Machine and Deadwing, the repeated harmony provides necessary continuity to the different sections of the music — without the harmony both of these long compositions (Black Light Machine is over fourteen minutes, and Deadwing just over ten) would struggle and fall apart between the suddenly disjointed sections. (Actually, Black Light Machine does lose me a bit anyway towards the end when it segues from guitar-tap soaring groove into a synth-heavy jam session.) In these pieces the ostinato isn’t just a harmony, but the foundation: melodies, other harmonies, drums and percussion all draw from that same strong lineage and base their own voices on the laid groundwork. And it sounds so good.
(While I’m on the subject of this song, a personal gripe: Out of the four Porcupine Tree concerts I’ve attended, including one that supported the Deadwing album, they’ve yet to play the title track of Deadwing live. Not sure why — the band’s had no trouble playing the fourteen-minute Arriving Somewhere, But Not Here or the seventeen-plus-minute Anesthetize in a live venue, so would a little Deadwing be too much to ask? Maybe so — surely the brilliant Steven Wilson has his reasons. Maybe during the next show.)
Now, onto dynamics and volume and big noises.
Sudden changes in dynamics could not be more different compared to repetition of a theme: Where a repetition is typically based in a musical key, is elongated throughout a series of phrases or an entire song and is used to connect sequences together, dynamics are non-tonal, occur in a short range of time and create abrupt jumps. To use a film-editing metaphor, if the repeated melody or harmony is a series of dissolves between cuts, a dynamics shift is a single big shock cut.
Going back to Frost*, finding the shock in this clip from the song Experiments in Mass Appeal, the title track from the latest album, should be no problem:
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The Experiments in Mass Appeal album has several of these “shock cuts.” Here’s another from the song Welcome to Nowhere:
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And finally, this Dead Dead Days clips features not only two abrupt and sudden changes in volume and tone, but it also features a very distinct repetition (it’s no wonder that Dear Dead Days is one of my favorites on the album):
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Porcupine Tree’s Open Car has a similar dynamic jump — nothing so bold as the instantaneous rocketing of Experiments in Mass Appeal, but the change from a single, fuzzy palm-muted guitar riff into a full-on overdriven, off-tempo bass-guitar-drum crunch-fest still surprises me if I’m not paying attention:
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Great music, great.
Repetition connects phrases and sequences; sudden dynamics changes separates them. I admit that most music (including a lot of power metal and prog in my library) uses the sudden attack to say little more than, “Hey, here’s the chorus!” or that popular method where the overdriven guitar and drums joins in the string quartet at the end of yet another power ballad, which is just stupid and boring. But done well, a volume change signals, “Hey, pay attention.” Or, more closely: “Wake up!”
And now, back to Monochrome.
The performance of Monochrome was manned by six drummers who played on smaller drums that were hardly a foot high, but as we, the audience, were to find, the size of the drums didn’t hold back the strength of the sound.
Between performances the audience would chatter quietly until the group on stage proudly interrupted with a new drum, or a melancholy flute melody. Usually the introduction of a new piece was immediately apparent due to the sudden presence of a hammered-out beat or cymbal crash, but Monochrome began with all six drummers, sitting cross-legged in front of their small drums, rolling the drumsticks at what must have been the lightest touch possible without being silent. Being able to realize those quiet rolls up in the balcony took several seconds; the realization in the audience that another piece had begun was gradual, so subtle was the music coming up from the stage. The appearance of the drummers — kneeling, up-right in front of their drums, and hardly moving — didn’t help to signal the beginning of Monochrome.
Once the chatter died, the music that filled the auditorium’s space was almost difficult to comprehend: not only were those small, rolling drumbeats by six separate drummers perfectly timed to sound like a single drummer, but even up at our balcony seats the noise was completely audible. Hill Auditorium, again, was undoubtably responsible for allowing those tiny but significant rolls to reach our balcony seats with such clarity.
The nearly-silent, rain-like drumming continued for what must have been minutes.
And then the players crescendoed the strength of the drumming. Within the space of a few seconds the sound of rain became a violent, torrential thunder- and hailstorm, and rose to a rhythmic crash that was nearly deafening. The din was shocking and all-encompassing, a dramatic and colossal change that had almost unbelievably swelled from the original rain-like patter. And the tune was off to (another) stunning start.
So, there’s that. I don’t think I made the case for repetition and dynamics very well, but if I can hook anyone into the music of Frost* or Porcupine Tree, I’ve done a good deed.
[Edits and typos fixed on 2/26, along with significant pacing and wording changes. I'm progressive!]